Evidence collection1 February 2022

Caregiver burden and the client perspective on veterinary care

Evidence-based veterinary medicine

Introduction

The concept of caregiver burden has come from human healthcare, where it is used to describe difficulties encountered while providing care for an individual with illness, especially a chronic illness or disability. The stress on the caregiver can have financial and social consequences as well as impacts on the physical and mental health of the caregiver.

While we are used to considering the effect of disease or disability on the quality of life of our patients, we are less used to thinking about the potential effects that caring for an animal with a chronic condition or disability has on their owners. There is now some literature that explores the concept of caregiver burden as it relates to the owners of veterinary patients, especially to companion animals with long-term conditions.

The purpose of this collection is to bring together published resources relating to the concept of caregiver burden. As this is a relatively new concept in veterinary medicine, it also contains some papers relating to broader client perspectives on looking after animals with certain conditions as well as their perceptions of accessing veterinary care.

The papers are grouped to give a general introduction to the concept of caregiver burden, and some insight on the client perspective through links to some of the “What is your client thinking?” articles from the Veterinary Record.

This is followed by papers relating to the client perspective on caring for animals with a particular illness or disability. This section does not specifically look at issues of the animal’s quality of life which are covered in a separate evidence collection on Quality of Life assessment tools.

The final section looks at client perspectives on aspects of veterinary services and their expectations in terms of information provision and shared decision making.

Overview

These papers introduce the concept of caregiver burden and how it relates to our patients and clients, they include both opinion pieces and review articles as well as some research articles, including the development of assessment tools to help assess caregiver burden.

Joo, S., Park, H., and Chun, M.S. (2025) Pet caregiver burden in South Korea: key influences and the implications for veterinarians. BMC Veterinary Research, 21, no. 331. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-025-04787-9
Christiansen, S.B. et al (2013) Looking after chronically ill dogs: Impacts on the caregiver’s life. Anthrozoös, 26 (4), pp. 519-533. https://doi.org/10.2752/175303713X13795775536174
Taylor, S. et al (2022) Online survey of owners’ experiences of medicating their cats at home. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1098612X221083752
Kogan, L.R. et al (2022) Canine caregivers: paradoxical challenges and rewards. Animals, 12 (9), p. 1074. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12091074
Kogan, L.R. et al. (2022) Disenfranchised guilt – pet owners’ burden. Animals, 12 (13), p.1690. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12131690
Goldberg, K.J. (2017) Exploring caregiver burden within a veterinary setting. Veterinary Record, 181 (12), pp. 318-319. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.j4156
Spitznagel, M.B. et al (2017) Caregiver burden in owners of a sick companion animal: a cross‐sectional observational study. Veterinary Record, 181 (12), pp. 321-321. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.104295
Spitznagel, M.B. and Carlson, M.D. (2019) Caregiver burden and veterinary client well-being. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 49 (3), pp. 431-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.01.008
Britton, K. et al (2018) Caregiving for a companion animal compared to a family member: burden and positive experiences in caregivers. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 5, p. 325. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2018.00325

Assessment of caregiver burden

Luz Barrios, C. et al (2022) Creation and validation of a tool for evaluating caregiver burnout syndrome in owners of dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) diagnosed with behavior disorders. Animals, 12 (9), p. 1185. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12091185
Spitznagel, M.B. et al (2019) Assessment of caregiver burden and associations with psychosocial function, veterinary service use, and factors related to treatment plan adherence among owners of dogs and cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 254 (1), pp. 124-132. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.254.1.124
Spitznagel, M.B et al (2019) Development and validation of a burden transfer inventory for predicting veterinarian stress related to client behavior. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 254 (1), pp. 133-144. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.254.1.133
Spitznagel, M.B. et al (2019) Validation of an abbreviated instrument to assess veterinary client caregiver burden. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 33 (3), pp. 1251-1259. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15508

Exploring the client perspective

The papers and links in this section take a broader look at the client perspective on caring for their animals.

Uccheddu, S. (2021) Improving vet-client communication through understanding the client perspective. Veterinary Record, 188 (9), pp. 349-351. https://doi.org/10.1002/vetr.502
Spitznagel, M.B. et al (2021) Owner quality of life, caregiver burden and anticipatory grief: How they differ, why it matters. Veterinary Record, 188 (9), pp. e74. https://doi.org/10.1002/vetr.74

What is your client thinking?

For those with access to the Veterinary Record there is a series which parallels the BMJ column called ‘What is your patient thinking?’, called ‘What is your client thinking?’.

The article by Zoe Belshaw provides an introduction to the Veterinary Record column, links are then given to a selection of the articles.

Belshaw, Z. (2017) What is your client thinking and why should you care? Veterinary Record, 181 (19), pp. 517-517. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.j5234
- It’s never ‘only a dog’ – discusses the importance of providing euthanasia and bereavement support to owners
- Labour and love for Mr Pink – an owner describes the challenges and rewards of caring for her cat with chronic kidney disease
- Will neutering change his behaviour? – a first-time dog owner recounts their experience of getting their puppy neutered
- Should crop‐eared dogs be banned from receiving veterinary care? – an owner discusses the difficulties she has faced in registering her crop-eared rescue dog with a new veterinary practice
- Vet and farrier: the importance of teamwork – a horse owner discusses the importance of a close relationship between vet and farrier
- Why out‐of‐hours services may not be such good news for owners – a dog owner describes what she experienced when her local practice started using an out-of-hours provider
- Do my treatment decisions make me a ‘bad’ pet owner? – a dog owner reflects on making the difficult decision to stop diagnostic investigations
- Working in partnership with our vets (Sheep) – a farmer discusses how working with two veterinary teams helps keep her pioneering flock healthy and happy
- Veterinary care for a farm dog – a farmer debates access to veterinary care for his dog
- Treating guinea pigs seriously – a guinea pig owner debates whether veterinary teaching about cavies is good enough

Client perspective and caregiver burden in specific conditions

The papers in this section focus on the impact of living with and providing care for animals with specific conditions or disabilities. Further papers relating to the impact on the animal, including the owner’s perspective on, and assessment of the animal’s quality of life are provided in the evidence collection on Quality of Life assessment tools.

Behavioural problems

Hart, C.J. and King, T. (2023) “It’s okay he’s friendly”: Understanding the experience of owning and walking a reactive dog using a qualitative online survey. Anthrozoös. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2023.2287314
McPeake, K. et al (2023) Development of a Cat Behaviour Issues Assessment Scale (CABIAS) assessing problem behaviours in cats. Animals, 13 (18) no. 2992. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13182992
Kuntz, K. et al. (2023) Assessment of caregiver burden in owners of dogs with behavioral problems and factors related to its presence. Journal of Veterinary Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2023.05.006
Spitznagel, M.B. et al (2018) Predicting caregiver burden in general veterinary clients: contribution of companion animal clinical signs and problem behaviors. The Veterinary Journal, 236, pp. 23-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.04.007
Buller, K. and Ballantyne, K.C. (2020) Living with and loving a pet with behavioral problems: Pet owners’ experiences. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 37, pp. 41-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2020.04.003
van Haaften, K.A.et al (2020) A survey of dog owners’ perceptions on the use of psychoactive medications and alternatives for the treatment of canine behavior problems. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 35, pp. 27-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2019.10.002

Epilepsy

Gristina, B.R. et al. (2023) Comparison of caregivers’ assessments of clinical outcome in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy administered levetiracetam, zonisamide, or phenobarbital monotherapy. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.22.10.0469
Kahn, C. et al. (2023) Out-of-hospital rescue medication in dogs with emergency seizure disorders: an owner perspective. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1278618
Henning, J. et al (2021) Understanding the impacts of feline epilepsy on cats and their owners. Veterinary Record, p. e836. https://doi.org/10.1002/vetr.836
Nettifee, J.A., Munana, K.R. and Griffith, E.H. (2017) Evaluation of the impacts of epilepsy in dogs on their caregivers. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 53 (3), pp. 143-149. https://doi.org/10.5326/JAAHA-MS-6537
Lord, K. and Podell, M. (1999) Owner perception of the care of long-term phenobarbital-treated epileptic dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice 40 (1) pp. 11–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1999.tb03246.x

Obesity / weight loss

White, G.A. et al (2011) Canine obesity: is there a difference between veterinarian and owner perception? Journal of Small Animal Practice, 52 (12), pp. 622-626. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01138.x
Hanford, R. and Linder, D.E. (2021) Impact of obesity on quality of life and owner’s perception of weight loss programs in cats. Veterinary Sciences, 8 (2), p. 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8020032

Diabetes

Reid, E. and Sikora, R. (2024) Client perspectives on the support provided for the management of diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats. The Veterinary Nurse, 15 (5), pp. 203-213. https://doi.org/10.12968/vetn.2024.0017
Re, M. et al. (2023) Monitoring of diabetes mellitus using the Flash Glucose Monitoring System: The owners’ point of view. Veterinary Sciences,10 (3), 203. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10030203
Del Baldo, F. et al. (2022) Owner preference for insulin delivery device and glycaemic control in diabetic dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.13573

Skin Disease

Spitznagel, M.B. et al. (2024) Assessment of owner perceptions of caregiver burden, veterinarian–client relationship and satisfaction with the provider in canine pruritus: An experimental vignette study. Veterinary Dermatology, 35 (1), pp. 81–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.13225
Spitznagel, M.B. et al (2022) Caregiver burden, treatment complexity, and the veterinarian–client relationship in owners of dog with skin disease. Veterinary Dermatology, 33 (3), pp. 208-213. https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.13065
Spitznagel, M.B. et al (2019) Caregiver burden in the veterinary dermatology client: comparison to healthy controls and relationship to quality of life. Veterinary Dermatology, 30 (1), pp. 3-e2. https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.12696

Pain

Steagall, P.V. et al (2017) Perceptions and opinions of Canadian pet owners about anaesthesia, pain and surgery in small animals. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 58 (7), pp. 380-388. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12674
Davis, K.N. et al (2019) Qualitative study of owner perceptions of chronic pain in their dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 254 (1), pp. 88-92. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.254.1.88

Orthopaedic conditions

Samsøe‐Schmidt, F., Berendt, M., and Miles, J.M. (2025) Chronic sequelae and owner burdens are common following canine intervertebral disc disease. Veterinary Record, no. e5371. https://doi.org/10.1002/vetr.5371
Narum, M., Miscioscia, E. and Repac, J. (2024) Caretaker-reported quality of life, functionality, and complications associated with assistive mobility cart use in companion animals. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1466405
Canal, S. et al. (2024) Assessment of the quality of life of cats affected by paraparesis/paraplegia and urinary retention, and their impact on caregivers. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 26 (10). https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X241275253
Forster, L.M. et al (2010) Owners’ observations of domestic cats after limb amputation. Veterinary Record, 167 (19), pp. 734-739. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.c5893
Dickerson, V.M. et al (2015) Outcomes of dogs undergoing limb amputation, owner satisfaction with limb amputation procedures, and owner perceptions regarding postsurgical adaptation: 64 cases (2005–2012). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 247 (7), pp. 786-792. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.247.7.786
Lee, S. et al (2021) Orthotic device use in canine patients: owner perception of quality of life for owners and patients. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8, p. 1264 https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.709364
Freeman, P.M. et al (2013) Time requirement and effect on owners of home-based management of dogs with severe chronic spinal cord injury. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 8 (6), pp. 439-443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2013.06.001

Heart disease

Pennington, C. et al. (2023) Improved owner quality of life following surgical repair of canine myxomatous mitral valve disease. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.23.08.0433
Oyama, M.A. et al (2008) Perceptions and priorities of owners of dogs with heart disease regarding quality versus quantity of life for their pets. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 233 (1), pp. 104-108. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.233.1.104
Murphy, L.A. et al. (2022) A multi-center prospective evaluation of owner medication adherence for feline cardiovascular disease in the referral setting, Journal of Veterinary Cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2022.06.007
Reynolds, C.A. et al (2010) Perceptions of quality of life and priorities of owners of cats with heart disease. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 24 (6), pp. 1421-1426. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0583.x

Cancer

Tam, K.M. et al. (2025) Caregiver burden in owners of dogs and cats undergoing anticancer therapy in a referral hospital in Hong Kong. Journal of Small Animal Practice. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.70015
Brønden, B. et al (2003) Study of dog and cat owners’ perceptions of medical treatment for cancer. Veterinary Record, 152 (3), pp. 77–80. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.152.3.77
Gregório, H. et al (2016) Comparison of veterinary health services expectations and perceptions between oncologic pet owners, non-oncologic pet owners and veterinary staff using the SERVQUAL methodology. Veterinary World, 9 (11), p.1275-1281. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2016.1275-1281
Williams, J., Phillips, C. and Byrd, H.M. (2017) Factors which influence owners when deciding to use chemotherapy in terminally ill pets. Animals, 7 (3), p.18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani7030018
Smith, P.A. et al (2019) Owner perceptions of radiotherapy treatment for veterinary patients with cancer. Veterinary and Comparative Oncology, 17 (3), pp. 221-233. https://doi.org/10.1111/vco.12454
Nakano, Y. et al (2019) Depression and anxiety in pet owners after a diagnosis of cancer in their pets: a cross-sectional study in Japan. BMJ Open, 9 (2), p. e024512. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024512
Shaevitz, M.H. et al (2020) Early caregiver burden in owners of pets with suspected cancer: Owner psychosocial outcomes, communication behavior, and treatment factors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 34 (6), pp. 2636-2644. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15905

Respiratory disease

Paulin, M. V. , Caney, S.M.A. and Cosford, K. L. (2022) Online survey to determine client perceptions of feline chronic lower airway disease management: response to therapy, side effects and challenges encountered. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1098612X211070988

Gastrointestinal

Lyngby Graarup-Hansen, J. et al. (2025) Chronic enteropathy in dogs affects the quality of life in both dogs and their owners—are veterinarians proficient in handling the caregiver burden? Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1488917
Díaz-Regañón, D. et al. (2023) Assssing the quality of life of dogs with inflammatory bowel disease and their owners. Veterinary Sciences, 10 (7), no. 405. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10070405

Blindness

Borzatta, D., Gualandi, L. and Lucidi, P. (2023) Blindness in adult dogs: Owners’ and dogs’ reactions and changes in human–animal interaction. Anthrozoös. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2023.2238436

End of life support, euthanasia and grief

Silva, M.V., Santos, R.R., and Barbosa, M. (2025) Euthanasia and prolonged grief: A cross-sectional study with bereaved pet owners. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 79, pp. 60-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2025.04.007
Hoummady, S. et. al. (2025) All pet owners are not the same: End-of-Life caregiver expectations and profiles. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, 65, no. 100960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcam.2025.100960
Taylor, T.L., Smith, B.P and Hazel, S.J. (2023) Guardians’ perceptions of caring for a dog with canine cognitive dysfunction. Veterinary Record, e3266. https://doi.org/10.1002/vetr.3266
Testoni, I. et al. (2023) Validation of the HHHHHMM scale in the Italian context: Assessing pets’ quality of life and qualitatively exploring owners’ grief. Animals, 13 (6), 1049. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13061049
McNulty, K. E. et al. (2023) Development and validation of a novel instrument to capture companion dog mortality data: the Dog Aging Project End of Life Survey. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.23.02.0078
Adams, C.L., Bonnett, B.N. and Meek, A.H. (2000) Predictors of owner response to companion animal death in 177 clients from 14 practices in Ontario. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 217 (9), pp. 1303-1309. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2000.217.1303
Stokes, S. et al (2002) Death of a companion cat or dog and human bereavement: Psychosocial variables. Society & Animals, 10 (1), pp. 93-105. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853002760030897
Spitznagel, M.B. et al (2020) Euthanasia from the veterinary client’s perspective: psychosocial contributors to euthanasia decision making. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice, 50 (3), pp. 591-605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.12.008
Spitznagel, M.B. et al. (2022) Relationships among owner consideration of euthanasia, caregiver burden, and treatment satisfaction in canine osteoarthritis. The Veterinary Journal, 286, no. 105868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105868
Matte, A.R. et al (2020) Exploring pet owners’ experiences and self‐reported satisfaction and grief following companion animal euthanasia. Veterinary Record, 187 (12), pp. e122. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105734
Cooney, K.A. et al (2021) Pet owners’ expectations for pet end-of-life support and after-death body care: exploration and practical applications. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, 43, p. 100503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcam.2020.100503
Hoffman, H. C. and Dickinson, G.E. (2022) Veterinary professionals’ experiences with human caregivers when providing animal hospice and palliative care. Human-Animal Interaction Bulletin, 11 (3), pp. 23-38. Available from: https://www.human-animal-interaction.org/haib/download-info/veterinary-professionals-experiences-with-human-caregivers-when-providing-animal-hospice-and-palliative-care/[Accessed 16 May 2022]
Biondi, V. et al (2022) Animal welfare cohttps://www.human-animal-interaction.org/haib/download-info/veterinary-professionals-experiences-with-human-caregivers-when-providing-animal-hospice-and-palliative-care/nsiderations and ethical dilemmas inherent in the euthanasia of blind canine patients. Animals, 12 (7), p 913. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12070913

Endocrine disease

Muthmann, S. et. al. (2025) Owners’ experience and satisfaction with radioiodine treatment in hyperthyroid cats—a prospective questionnaire study. Veterinary Sciences, 12 (5), no. 458. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050458
Muthmann, S. et. al. (2025) Influence of owner personality and other owner‐, cat‐ and treatment‐related factors on the perception of quality of life in cats with hyperthyroidism. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 39 (3), no. e70091. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.70091
Hupfeld, J. et al. (2023) A qualitative analysis of the impact of canine hypoadrenocorticism on the quality of life of owners. BMC Veterinary Research, 19, no. 152. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-023-03716-y

Renal disease

Tarrant, G. et. al. (2025) Gaining insights into pet owner understanding/lived experience of canine chronic kidney disease using survey and social media data. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1506272
Elliott, J. et. al. (2025) Owners’ experiences of caring for cats with chronic kidney disease in the UK. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 27 (4). https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X251314769
Kuor, K.H. et. al. (2025) Cat owners’ perception towards feline chronic kidney disease: A behavioral study. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 78, pp. 97-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2025.01.010

Client perception regarding veterinary services

This final section provides links to some papers which explore the client’s perspective on different aspects of veterinary care.

Csiplo, A.S. Popescu, S. (2025) Pet owners’ perceptions of key factors affecting animal welfare during veterinary visits. Animals, 15 (6), no. 894. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15060894
Bastan, I. (2025) Possible relationship between long-term post neutering complications in dogs and caregiver burden in the owners. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1532039
Appel, S.L. et al (2006) Evaluation of client perceptions concerning outcome of cataract surgery in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 228 (6), pp. 870-875. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.228.6.870
Whiting, M. et al (2017) Survey of veterinary clients’ perceptions of informed consent at a referral hospital. Veterinary Record, 180 (1), pp.20 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.104039
Simon, B.T. et al (2018) Perceptions and opinions of pet owners in the United States about surgery, pain management, and anesthesia in dogs and cats. Veterinary Surgery, 47 (2), pp. 277-284. https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.12753
Hughes, K. et al (2018) ‘Care about my animal, know your stuff and take me seriously’: United Kingdom and Australian clients’ views on the capabilities most important in their veterinarians. Veterinary Record, 183 (17), pp. 534. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.104987
Kogan, L., Schoenfeld, R. and Santi, S. (2019) Medical updates and appointment confirmations: Pet owners’ perceptions of current practices and preferences. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 6, p. 80. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00080
Oberholtzer, J.A. and Hofmeister, E.H. (2020) Perception of small animal cardiopulmonary resuscitation of owners presenting to a small animal teaching clinic including a large first opinion service. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 30 (4), pp. 411-417. https://doi.org/10.1111/vec.12975
Buote, N.J., Carney, P. and Sumner, J. (2021) Pet‐owner perceptions of laparoscopy in an urban hybrid veterinary practice.Veterinary Surgery. https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13730
Elte, Y.et al (2021) Client satisfaction in equine veterinary practice: A structured review and qualitative synthesis. Veterinary Record, 189 (10), p.e640. https://doi.org/10.1002/vetr.640

Information exchange and shared decision making

Janke, N. et al (2021) Pet owners’ and veterinarians’ perceptions of information exchange and clinical decision-making in companion animal practice. PloS ONE16 (2), p. e0245632. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245632
Merle, R. and Küper, A. (2021) Desire for information and alternative therapies of pet owners is associated with empathy and partnership‐building of veterinarians. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 62 (9), pp. 775-787. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.13337
Seitz, H.H. and Grady, J.G. (2021)Measuring veterinary client preferences for autonomy and information when making medical decisions for their pets. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 259 (12, pp. :1471-1480https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.19.12.0630

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