Brucella canis

Published 5 July 2023 | Updated 31 October 2025

Update

There have been a number of recent updates regarding the increasing serological diagnosis of Brucella canis and its public health implications.

The first is a review article, written by a group of authors, including those working for The World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) as well as the European Union and national reference laboratories for Brucellosis.

Djokic, V. et al. (2023) The emergence of Brucella canis as a public health threat in Europe: what we know, and what we need to learn. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 12 (2), no.2249126. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2023.2249126

We have provided a summary of this paper.

There have also been a number of updates from the UK Government including an update of Human Animal Infections and Risk Surveillance group (HAIRS) risk assessment for Brucella canis and updated versions of the APHA summary information sheet for veterinary staff and Frequently Asked Questions, which includes updated information on the interpretation of test results, including positive predictive values for a range of possible prevalence rates.

Introduction

Brucella canis was first detected following an outbreak of abortion in a beagle colony in the United States in the 1960s. Since then, it has become widespread and has been reported in North, Central and South America, and parts of Asia, Africa and Europe. There have been recent reports of increasing case numbers in a number of countries, often associated with imported dogs.

The aim of this evidence collection is to bring together recently published literature and links to other resources which will provide veterinary professionals with up-to-date evidence on which to base their clinical decisions and advice.

Brucella canis has now been made a reportable disease in the UK, therefore we have included links to advise from the UK government, but we have also included links to resources from other countries that may have useful experience to share in dealing with this disease.

• HAIRS risk assessment: Brucella canis [UK Health Security Agency] [online]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hairs-risk-assessment-brucella-canis/hairs-risk-assessment-brucella-canis#summary [Accessed 1 November 2023]
• Animal & Plant Health Agency (2023) Canine Brucellosis: Summary information sheet for veterinary staff. [online] [Addlestone]: APHA. Available from: http://apha.defra.gov.uk/documents/surveillance/diseases/Canine-Brucellosis-Summary.pdf [Accessed 1 November 2023]
• Animal & Plant Health Agency. Frequently asked Brucella canis testing questions. [online] [Addlestone]: APHA. Available from: http://apha.defra.gov.uk/documents/surveillance/diseases/FAQ-Brucella-canis-v5b.pdf [Accessed 1 November 2023]
• Frequently asked Brucella canis testing questions [UK Health Security Agency] [online]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/brucella-canis-information-for-the-public-and-dog-owners/brucella-canis-information-for-the-public-and-dog-owners [Access 1 November 2023]
• Sebzda, M.K. and Kauffman, L.K. (2023) Update on Brucella canis: Understanding the past and preparing for the future. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 53 (5), pp. 1047-1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.05.002

Guidance

This section provides links to useful review articles and guidance documents.

• Kauffman, L.K. and Petersen, C.A. (2019) Canine brucellosis: old foe and reemerging scourge. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 49 (4), pp. 763-779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.02.013
• Buhmann, G. et al. (2019) Canine brucellosis: Insights into the epidemiologic situation in Europe. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 6, no. 00151. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00151
• Makloski, C.L., (2011) Canine brucellosis management. Veterinary Clinic of North America: Small Animal Practice, 41 (6), pp. 1209-1219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.08.001
• Cosford, K.L. (2018) Brucella canis: An update on research and clinical management. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 59 (1), p. 74-81. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5731389/ [Accessed 16 June 2023].
• Santos, R.L. et al. (2021) Canine brucellosis: an update. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8, no. 594291. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.594291
• De Massis, F. et al. (2022) Canine brucellosis due to Brucella canis: description of the disease and control measures. Veterinaria Italiana, 58 (1), pp. 5-23. https://doi.org/10.12834/VetIt.2561.16874.1

UK guidance

• Risk assessment: Brucella canis to Great Britain from any country worldwide [Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs and Animal and Plant Health Agency] [online]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/risk-assessment-brucella-canis-to-great-britain-from-any-country-worldwide [Accessed 28 October 2025]
• Brucella canis: risks and control measures in veterinary practices [Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs and Animal and Plant Health Agency] [online]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/canine-brucellosis-summary-information-sheet-for-veterinary-staff/brucella-canis-risks-and-control-measures-in-veterinary-practices [Accessed 17 July 2025]
• Canine brucellosis: general information for veterinary staff [Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs and Animal and Plant Health Agency] [online]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/canine-brucellosis-summary-information-sheet-for-veterinary-staff/canine-brucellosis-summary-information-sheet-for-veterinary-staff [Accessed 17 July 2025]
• HAIRS risk assessment: Brucella canis [UK Health Security Agency] [online]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hairs-risk-assessment-brucella-canis/hairs-risk-assessment-brucella-canis#summary [Accessed 1 November 2023]
• BVA, BSAVA, SPVS and BVNA policy position on Brucella Canis [BVA] [online]. Available from: https://www.bva.co.uk/media/5573/bva-bsava-spvs-and-bvna-policy-position-on-brucella-canis.pdf [Accessed 29 January 2024]
• Animal & Plant Health Agency (2023) Canine Brucellosis: Summary information sheet for veterinary staff. [online] [Addlestone]: APHA. Available from: http://apha.defra.gov.uk/documents/surveillance/diseases/Canine-Brucellosis-Summary.pdf [Accessed 1 November 2023]
• Animal & Plant Health Agency. Frequently asked Brucella canis testing questions. [online] [Addlestone]: APHA. Available from: http://apha.defra.gov.uk/documents/surveillance/diseases/FAQ-Brucella-canis-v5b.pdf [Accessed 1 November 2023]
• Frequently asked Brucella canis testing questions [UK Health Security Agency] [online]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/brucella-canis-information-for-the-public-and-dog-owners/brucella-canis-information-for-the-public-and-dog-owners [Access 1 November 2023]
• Animal & Plant Health Agency (2022) Imported disease summaries for dogs and cats. [APHA] [online] Available from: http://apha.defra.gov.uk/documents/surveillance/diseases/imported-dog-disease-for-dog-and-cats.pdf  [Accessed 16 June 2023]
• Barker, E. and BSAVA Scientific Committee (2023) Brucella canis. [BSAVA] [online] Available from: https://www.bsavalibrary.com/content/chapter/10.22233/9781910443514.chap9#html_fulltext [Accessed 16 June 2023]

Guidance from other countries

• Listed disease: Brucellosis [World Organisation for Animal Health] [online] Available from: https://www.woah.org/en/disease/brucellosis/ [Accessed 28 June 2023]
• Brucella canis [Ontario Animal Health Network] [online] Available from: https://www.oahn.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/OAHN-B-canis-factsheet-FINAL-20190510.pdf [Accessed 28 June 2023]
• Brucellosis: Brucella canis. [The Center for Food Security & Public Health] [online] Available from: https://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/brucellosis_canis.pdf [Accessed 28 June 2023]

Zoonotic potential / public health

Brucellosis is a common zoonosis worldwide, with five out of the nine known Brucella species known to be able to infect humans. The most pathogenic and invasive species for human is B. melitensis, followed in descending order by B. suis, B. abortus and B. canis.

While B. canis is a recognised zoonotic pathogen, the number of human cases reported globally is small. This section provides links to current reviews of Brucellosis as a zoonosis before looking at more specific evidence relating to the zoonotic potential of B canis.

Brucellosis

• Khairullah, A.R. et al. (2024) Brucellosis: Unveiling the complexities of a pervasive zoonotic disease and its global impacts. Open Veterinary Journal, 14 (5), pp. 1081-1097. https://doi.org/10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i5.1
• Guidance: Brucella: laboratory and clinical services. [UK Health Security Agency] [online] Available from: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/bru-reference-services#Likelihood%20of%20Brucellosis%20in%20A%20UK%20Patient [Accessed 28 June 2023]
• Seleem, M.N., Boyle, S.M. and Sriranganathan, N. (2010) Brucellosis: a re-emerging zoonosis. Veterinary Microbiology, 140 (3-4), pp. 392-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.06.021
• Godfroid, J. et al. (2011) Brucellosis at the animal/ecosystem/human interface at the beginning of the 21st century. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 102 (2), pp. 118-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.04.007
• Moreno, E. (2014) Retrospective and prospective perspectives on zoonotic brucellosis. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00213
• Pereira, C.R. et al. (2020) Occupational exposure to Brucella spp.: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 14 (5), no. e0008164. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008164
• Pinn-Woodcock, T. et al. (2023) A one-health review on brucellosis in the United States. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 261 (4). https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.23.01.0033

Brucella canis

• Weese, J.S. and Weese, H.E. (2025) Brucellosis in humans caused by Brucella canis: A scoping review. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 66 (3), pp. 327-334. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11891790/
• Williams, C. et al. (2024) Human exposures to Brucella canis from a pregnant dog during an international flight: Public health risks, diagnostic challenges and future considerations. Zoonoses and Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.13121
• UK Health Security Agency (2023) Human Animal Infections and Risk Surveillance group: Risk  assessment:  Brucella canis. [online] London: UK Health Security Agency. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hairs-risk-assessment-brucella-canis/hairs-risk-assessment-brucella-canis [Accessed 20 September 2023]
• Djokic, V. et al. (2023) The emergence of Brucella canis as a public health threat in Europe: what we know, and what we need to learn. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 12 (2), no.2249126. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2023.2249126 We have provided a summary of this paper.
• Rasool, A., Porteen, K. and Thulasiraman, S. (2023) A comprehensive review of Brucella canis: Zoonotic risks and preventive strategies. The Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction, 44 (2), pp. 8-13. https://doi.org/10.48165/ijar.2023.44.02.2
• Kazmierczak, J. (2012) Public health implications of Brucella canis infections in humans: Summary findings and recommendations of the Brucella canis workgroup, March 2012. [online] [n.l.]: National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians. Available from: http://www.nasphv.org/Documents/BrucellaCanisInHumans.pdf [Accessed 28 June 2023]
• Hensel, M.E., Negron, M. and Arenas-Gamboa, A.M. (2018) Brucellosis in dogs and public health risk. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 24 (8), no. 1401. https://doi.org/10.3201%2Feid2408.171171
• Lucero, N.E. et al. (2010) Human Brucella canis outbreak linked to infection in dogs. Epidemiology & Infection, 138 (2), pp. 280-285. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268809990525
• Ahmed-Bentley, J. et al. (2021) Laboratory exposures from an unsuspected case of human infection with Brucella canis. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27 (9), no. 2489. https://doi.org/10.3201%2Feid2709.204701
• Dentinger, C.M. et al. (2015) Human Brucella canis infection and subsequent laboratory exposures associated with a puppy, New York City, 2012. Zoonoses and Public Health, 62 (5), pp. 407-414. https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12163
• Krueger, W.S. et al. (2014) Evidence for unapparent Brucella canis infections among adults with occupational exposure to dogs. Zoonoses and Public Health, 61 (7), pp. 509-518. https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12102

Clinical cases

This section provides links to papers reporting clinical cases and outbreaks of Brucella canis infection in dogs.

• Moeller, C.M. et. al. (2025) Clinical features that increase suspicion of Brucella canis infection in dogs with discospondylitis: a multicenter case–control study. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 39 (3), no. e70112. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.70112
• Donoghue, E.M. et al. (2024) Causal agent investigation and treatment of dogs diagnosed with discospondylitis in a Brucella canis endemic region. Veterinary Sciences, 11 (6), 279. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11060279
  Reid, E. and Sikora, R. (2024) Client perspectives on the support provided for the management of diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats. The Veterinary Nurse, 15 (5). https://doi.org/10.12968/vetn.2024.0017
• Holst, B.S. et al. (2012) The first case of Brucella canis in Sweden: background, case report and recommendations from a northern European perspective. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 54 (1), no. 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0147-54-18
• Graham, L.T. et al. (2022) Canine brucellosis in three littermates, case report. Frontiers in Veterinary Science,  https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.958390
• Escauriaza, L. et al. (2021) Brucella Canis discospondylitis in a dog imported into the United Kingdom from Romania. Veterinary Record Case Reports, 9 (4), no. e175. https://doi.org/10.1002/vrc2.175
• Long, C. et al. (2022) Brucella canis discospondylitis in 33 dogs. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.1043610
• Guarino, C. et al. (2023) Antibody response over time correlated with treatment outcome in 30 dogs naturally infected with Brucella canis (2017–2022). American Journal of Veterinary Research, 84 (4). https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.23.01.0014
• Weese, J.S., Hrinivich, K. and Anderson, M.E. (2020) Brucella canis in commercial dog breeding kennels, Ontario, Canada. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 26 (12), p. 3079-3080. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2612.201144
• Johnson, C.A. et al. (2018) Investigation and characterization of Brucella canis infections in pet-quality dogs and associated human exposures during a 2007–2016 outbreak in Michigan. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 253 (3), pp. 322-336. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.253.3.322
• van Dijk, M.A. et al. (2021) Transboundary spread of Brucella canis through import of infected dogs, the Netherlands, November 2016–December 2018. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27 (7), no. 1783. https://doi.org/10.3201%2Feid2707.201238

Pathological findings

• de Souza, T.D. et al. (2018) Tissue distribution and cell tropism of Brucella canis in naturally infected canine foetuses and neonates. Scientific reports, 8(1), no. 7203. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25651-x
• Camargo-Castañeda, A.M. et al. (2021) Characterization of epididymal and testicular histologic lesions and use of immunohistochemistry and PCR on formalin-fixed tissues to detect Brucella canis in male dogs. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 33 (2), pp. 352-356. https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638720986883

Disease control

• Williams, C. et al. (2024). Human exposures to Brucella canis from a pregnant dog during an international flight: Public health risks, diagnostic challenges and future considerations. Zoonoses and Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.13121
• Bramlage, D.J. et al. (2015) Best practices for Brucella canis prevention and control in dog breeding facilities. [online] Kansas City: USDA APHIS. Available from: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_welfare/downloads/brucella_canis_prevention.pdf [Accessed 28 June 2023]
• Hollett, R.B. (2006) Canine brucellosis: outbreaks and compliance. Theriogenology, 66 (3), pp. 575-587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.04.011
• Kaden, R. et al. (2014) Brucellosis outbreak in a Swedish kennel in 2013: determination of genetic markers for source tracing. Veterinary microbiology, 174 (3-4), pp. 523-530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.10.015

Diagnostic tests

The diagnosis of canine brucellosis is acknowledged to be difficult and is likely to require the combination of results from a number of different methods. In interpreting the results of any test. it is important to be aware of the limitations of the test methodology and the effect of disease prevalence on the predictive value of the results. It is also important to be aware that new tests are being developed and to check with individual laboratories regarding the details of the exact tests that they are using.

This section provides references to a selection of papers on different test methodologies and  the understanding and interpretation of test results.

• LeCuyer, T.E. et. al. (2025) Performance characteristics of three Brucella canis serological assays in the United States. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1556965
• Islam, M.S. et al. (2025) Beyond serology: A meta-analysis of advancements in molecular detection of Brucella spp. in seronegative animals and biological samples. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 11: e70200. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.70200
• Keid, L.B. et al. (2009) Comparison of agar gel immunodiffusion test, rapid slide agglutination test, microbiological culture and PCR for the diagnosis of canine brucellosis. Research in Veterinary Science, 86 (1), pp. 22-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.05.012
• Kurmanov, B. et al. (2022) Assays for identification and differentiation of Brucella species: A review. Microorganisms, 10 (8), no.1584. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081584
• Mol, J.P. et al. (2020) Diagnosis of canine brucellosis: comparison of various serologic tests and PCR. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 32 (1), pp. 77-86. https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638719891083
• Keid, L.B. et al. (2010) Comparison of a PCR assay in whole blood and serum specimens for canine brucellosis diagnosis. Veterinary Record, 167 (3), pp. 96-99. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.c3811
• Kauffman, L.K. et al. (2014) Early detection of Brucella canis via quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. Zoonoses and Public Health, 61 (1), pp. 48-54. https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12041
• da Silva, D.A.V. et al. (2020) MALDI-TOF MS and genomic analysis can make the difference in the clarification of canine brucellosis outbreaks. Scientific Reports, 10 (1), no. 19246. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75960-3
• Keid, L. et al. (2015) Evaluation of an immunochromatographic test to the diagnosis of canine brucellosis caused by Brucella canis. Reproduction of Domestic Animals, 50 (6), pp. 939-944. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.12612
• De Oliveira, M.Z.D. et al. (2011) Validation of an ELISA method for the serological diagnosis of canine brucellosis due to Brucella canis. Research in Veterinary Science, 90 (3), pp. 425-431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.07.004
• Yang, Y. et al. (2017) Genotyping Brucella canis isolates using a highly discriminatory multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) assay. Scientific Reports, 7(1), no. 1067.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01114-7
• Silva Andrade, R. et al. (2023) Accuracy of serological tests for bovine brucellosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 222, no. 106079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106079

Understanding and interpreting diagnostic test

• Day, M.J. (2015) Introduction to antigen and antibody assays. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, 30 (4), pp. 128-131. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2015.12.001
• Burr, P. and Snodgrass, D. (2004) Demystifying diagnostic testing: serology. In Practice, 26 (9), pp. 498-502. https://doi.org/10.1136/inpract.26.9.498
• Barker, E. (2021) Performing and interpreting PCR assays in canine and feline patients. In Practice, 43 (4), pp. 195-205. https://doi.org/10.1002/inpr.38
• Lalkhen, A.G. and McCluskey, A. (2008) Clinical tests: sensitivity and specificity. Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain, 8 (6), pp. 221-223. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkn041

Infection with other strains of brucella

Although in the UK concerns have cantered around the risk of introduction of Brucella canis, it is worth being aware that in Australia there has been concern about cases of B suis in dogs, especially those involved in hunting or eating feral pigs.

• Melzer, F., Linde, J., and Brangsch, F. (2025) Genomic epidemiology of Brucella suis biovar 2 in German swine and wildlife, 2003–2023. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1611681
• Rudolf, I. et al. (2024) Brucella microti and rodent-borne brucellosis: A neglected public health threat. Zoonoses and Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.13188
• Kneipp, C.C. et al. (2024) Evaluation of three serological tests for the diagnosis of Brucella suis in dogs using Bayesian latent class analysis. Preventative Veterinary Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106345
• Diaz, D. et al. (2024) Detection of Brucella in Dermacentor ticks of wild boar with Brucellosis. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/6618287
• Martino, L. et al. (2024) Serological Investigation for Brucella ceti in Cetaceans from the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Animals 14 (16), no. 2417. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162417
• Kneipp, C.C. et al. (2023) Brucella suis in three dogs: presentation, diagnosis and clinical management. Australian Veterinary Journal, 101 (4), pp. 133- 141. https://doi.org/10.1111/avj.13227
• Aurich, S. et al. (20223)  Brucella suis biovar 1 infection in a dog with orchitis in Germany. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10, https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1233118
• Kneipp, C.C. et al. (2021) Brucella suis seroprevalence and associated risk factors in dogs in eastern Australia, 2016 to 2019. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8, no. 727641. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.727641
• Mor, S.M. et al. (2016) Emergence of Brucella suis in dogs in New South Wales, Australia: clinical findings and implications for zoonotic transmission. BMC Veterinary Research, 12, no. 199. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-016-0835-0
• James, D.R. et al. (2017) Clinical management of Brucella suis infection in dogs and implications for public health. Australian Veterinary Journal, 95 (1-2), pp. 19-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/avj.12550
• Kneipp, C.C. et al. (2023) Clinical investigation and management of Brucella suis seropositive dogs: A longitudinal case series. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 37 (3), pp. 980-991. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16678
• van Dijk, M.A. et al. (2018) Brucella suis infection in dog fed raw meat, the Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 24 (6), pp. 1127-1129. https://doi.org/10.3201%2Feid2406.171887
• Hänsel, C. et al. (2015) Novel real‐time PCR detection assay for Brucella suis. Veterinary Record Open, 2 (1), no. e000084. https://doi.org/10.1136/vetreco-2014-000084

Brucellosis in other animals

• Silva-Krott, I. et. al. (2025) Detection of Brucella ceti and Brucella-associated disease in stranded cetaceans in Hawaii, USA, 2000–24. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. Available from: https://meridian.allenpress.com/jwd/article/doi/10.7589/JWD-D-24-00146/506264/Detection-of-Brucella-ceti-and-Brucella-Associated [Accessed 9 May 2025]
• Kneipp, C.C. et. al. (2025) Brucella suis in feral pigs in Australia: what is the risk? Australian Veterinary Journal. https://doi.org/10.1111/avj.13441
• Guidance: Brucellosis: how to spot and report the disease. [Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs and Animal and Plant Health Agency] [online]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/brucellosis [Accessed 28 June 2023]
• Dang, S. et al. (2023) CRISPR-Cas12a test strip (CRISPR/CAST) package: In-situ detection of Brucella from infected livestock. BMC Veterinary Research, 19, no. 202. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-023-03767-1
• Dorneles, E.M.S. et al. (2023) Equine Brucellosis: Current understanding and challenges. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 127, no. 104298.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104298
• Dawood, A.S. et al. (2023) Brucellae as resilient intracellular pathogens: epidemiology, host–pathogen interaction, recent genomics and proteomics approaches, and future perspectives. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10, https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1255239
• Seleem, M.N., Boyle, S.M. and Sriranganathan, N. (2010) Brucellosis: a re-emerging zoonosis. Veterinary Microbiology, 140 (3-4), pp. 392-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.06.021
• Millar, M. and Stack, J. (2012) Brucellosis–what every practitioner should know. In Practice, 34(9), pp. 532-539. https://doi.org/10.1136/inp.e6421
• Foddai, A. et al. (2020) Quantitative assessment of the probability of introducing bovine brucellosis into English cattle herds by imported live cattle. Microbial Risk Analysis, 16, no. 100130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mran.2020.100130
• Jokar, M. et al. (2023) The global seroprevalence of equine brucellosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on publications from 1990 to 2022. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, no. 104227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104227
• Gong, Q.L. et al. (2021) Global comprehensive literature review and meta-analysis of Brucella spp. in swine based on publications from 2000 to 2020. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8, no. 630960. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.630960

About evidence collections

Evidence collections bring together collections of published papers on topics of interest and importance to the veterinary professions. Papers are chosen for relevance and accessibility, with the full text of articles either being available through the RCVS Knowledge library, on open access or from other publications to which a significant number of veterinary professionals are likely to have access. This means that there may be relevant evidence that is not included.

If you would like assistance in searching for further evidence on this topic you may find the following helpful EBVM Toolkit 2: Finding the best available evidence.

If you would like to suggest a paper for inclusion in one of our published evidence collections, or a topic for a future collection, please email library@rcvsknowledge.org

Next steps

Receive journal watch by email

Subscribe to have the latest summaries sent to your inbox

Subscribe now

Claim CPD credit for your reading

Reading and reflecting on articles can count towards your CPD, and we have a template to help you with the process

View the template